Dem Doof Bois Are at It Again

45th Governor of Alabama

George Wallace
Wallace in 1968
45th Governor of Alabama
In office January 17, 1983 – Jan xix, 1987
Lieutenant	Nib Baxley
Preceded by	Pull a fast one on James
Succeeded by	H. Guy Hunt
In office January eighteen, 1971 – January xv, 1979[a]
Lieutenant	Jere Beasley
Preceded past	Albert Brewer
Succeeded by	Fob James
In role January 14, 1963 – January sixteen, 1967
Lieutenant	James Allen
Preceded past	John Patterson
Succeeded by	Lurleen Wallace
First Gentleman of Alabama
In role January 16, 1967 – May 7, 1968
Governor	Lurleen Wallace
Preceded past	Lurleen Wallace (as First Lady)
Succeeded past	Martha Farmer Brewer (as First Lady)
Member of the Alabama Firm of Representatives from Barbour County
In office 1946–1952
Personal details
Built-in	George Corley Wallace Jr. (1919-08-25)August 25, 1919 Clio, Alabama, U.S.
Died	September xiii, 1998(1998-09-13) (aged 79) Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.
Resting place	Greenwood Cemetery, Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.
Party	Democratic
Other political affiliations	American Independent (1968)
Spouse(s)	Lurleen Burns ​ ​ (m. ; died )​ Cornelia Ellis Snively ​ ​ (m. ; div. 1978)​ Lisa Taylor ​ ​ (m. ; div. 1987)​
Children	iv, including George III
Education	University of Alabama (LLB)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1942–1945
Rank	Staff Sergeant
Unit	The states Army Air Forces
Battles/wars	World State of war 2

George Corley Wallace Jr. (August 25, 1919 – September thirteen, 1998),^[1] was an American politician who served as the 45th governor of Alabama for four terms. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best remembered for his staunch segregationist and populist views.^{[2] [3] [iv]} During his tenure, he promoted "industrial development, low taxes, and trade schools."^[v] Wallace sought the U.s. presidency as a Democrat iii times, and in one case as an American Independent Party candidate, unsuccessfully each time. Wallace opposed desegregation and supported the policies of "Jim Crow" during the Civil Rights Motility, declaring in his 1963 inaugural address that he stood for "segregation at present, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever".^[6]

Born in Clio, Alabama, Wallace attended the University of Alabama School of Police, and served in Usa Army Air Corps during World War Two. After the war, he won election to the Alabama Business firm of Representatives, and served as a land judge. Wallace first sought the Democratic nomination in the 1958 Alabama gubernatorial election. Initially a moderate on racial issues, Wallace adopted a hard-line segregationist stance afterward losing the 1958 nomination. Wallace ran for governor once more in 1962, and won the race. Seeking to terminate the racial integration of the University of Alabama, Wallace earned national notoriety by continuing in front of the entrance of the University of Alabama, blocking the path of black students.^[vi] Wallace left office after 1 term due to term limits, merely his wife, Lurleen Wallace, won the next election and succeeded him, though he was the de facto governor.^[five]

Wallace challenged sitting president Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 Autonomous presidential primaries, only Johnson prevailed in the race. In the 1968 presidential ballot, Wallace ran a 3rd-party campaign in an try to strength a contingent election in the United states of america Firm of Representatives, thereby enhancing the political clout of segregationist Southern leaders. Wallace won five Southern states but failed to force a contingent election. As of 2022^[update] he remains the virtually recent third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from whatsoever land.

Wallace won election to Governor of Alabama in 1970, and ran in the 1972 Autonomous presidential primaries, in one case again campaigning for segregation. His campaign effectively ended when he was shot in Maryland by Arthur Bremer, and Wallace remained paralyzed below the waist for the rest of his life.

Wallace won re-ballot as governor in 1974, and he once over again unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1976 Democratic presidential primaries. In the late 1970s, Wallace announced that he became a built-in-over again Christian, and moderated his views on race, renouncing his by back up for segregation. Wallace left office in 1979, but re-entered politics and won election to a fourth, and terminal, term as governor in 1982. Wallace is the fourth longest-serving governor in US history, having served 5,848 days in office.^[7]

Early life [edit]

Wallace, the starting time of iv children, was built-in in Clio in Barbour County in southeastern Alabama, to George Corley Wallace and his wife, Mozelle (Smith). He was the third of five generations to conduct the proper noun "George Wallace". Since his parents disliked the designation "Junior", he was called "George C.", to distinguish him from his father, George, and his grandfather, a physician.^[8] Wallace'due south father left college to pursue a life of farming when food prices were high during Globe State of war I. When his father died in 1937, his mother had to sell their farmland to pay existing mortgages.^[ix] George Wallace was raised a Methodist past his parents.^[10]

From age ten, Wallace was fascinated with politics. In 1935, he won a competition to serve as a folio in the Alabama Senate, and confidently predicted that he would one day exist governor.^[xi] Wallace became a regionally successful boxer in loftier school, and then went direct to police force school in 1937 at the University of Alabama School of Law in Tuscaloosa.^[12] He was a fellow member of the Delta Chi fraternity. It was at the University of Alabama that he crossed paths with Frank M. Johnson Jr., who was a much more liberal politician in relation to social problems and bug of race.^[13] Wallace also knew Chauncey Sparks, who became a bourgeois governor. These men had an effect on his personal politics reflecting ideologies of both leaders later during his time in part.^{[ citation needed ]} He received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1942.^[14]

Early in 1943, Wallace was accepted for airplane pilot training by the United States Regular army Air Forces (USAAF).^[15] Soon afterwards Wallace contracted life-threatening spinal meningitis, but prompt medical attending with sulfa drugs saved his life. Left with partial hearing loss and permanent nervus damage, he was instead trained as a flight engineer. During 1945, as a fellow member of a B-29 crew with 468th Bombardment Group, stationed in the Mariana Islands as part of the Twentieth Air Force, Wallace took part in air raids on Nippon and reached the rank of staff sergeant.^[16] In mid-1945, Wallace received an early belch on medical grounds, due to "severe anxiety", and a 10% disability alimony for "psychoneurosis".^[17] (The Twentieth Air Forcefulness was commanded past General Curtis LeMay, who was his running mate in the 1968 presidential race).

Racial attitude [edit]

Sources are mixed on Wallace's attitudes towards race, particularly African-Americans.

For instance, one source on Wallace'southward career as a judge reports: "every black attorney who argued a instance in Wallace's ... court was struck by his fairness .... But no i who knew Wallace well ever took seriously his earnest profession – uttered a thousand times subsequently 1963 – that he was a segregationist, not a racist."^[18]

A reporter covering state politics in 1961 observed that, while other Alabama politicians conversed primarily about women and Alabama football, for Wallace "information technology was race – race, race, race – and every time that I was closeted lone with him, that's all we talked near."^[xix]

Wallace's preoccupation with race was based on his belief that blackness Americans comprised a separate and inferior race. In a 1963 letter to a social studies teacher, Wallace stated they were inclined to criminality – especially "atrocious acts ... such equally rape, assault and murder" – because of a loftier incidence of venereal disease. Desegregation, he wrote, would atomic number 82 to "intermarriage ... and eventually our race will be deteriated (sic) to that of the mongrel complication."^[xx]

Early career [edit]

In 1938, at age 19, Wallace contributed to his grandfather's successful campaign for probate judge. Late in 1945, he was appointed as 1 of the assistant attorneys general of Alabama, and in May 1946, he won his first election as a fellow member to the Alabama Business firm of Representatives. At the time, he was considered a moderate on racial issues. Every bit a delegate to the 1948 Democratic National Convention, he did non join the Dixiecrat walkout at the convention, despite his opposition to U.S. President Harry S. Truman'south proposed civil rights programme. Wallace considered information technology an infringement on states' rights. The Dixiecrats carried Alabama in the 1948 general ballot, having rallied backside Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. In his 1963 inaugural spoken communication equally governor, Wallace excused his failure to walk out of the 1948 convention on political grounds.

In 1952, he became the Circuit Judge of the Tertiary Judicial Circuit in Alabama. Here he became known as "the fighting trivial estimate", a nod to his past boxing clan.^[21] He gained a reputation for fairness regardless of the race of the plaintiff. It was common practice at the time for judges in the expanse to refer to black lawyers by their outset names, while their white colleagues were addressed formally equally "Mister"; Black lawyer J. L. Anecdote later said that "Judge George Wallace was the almost liberal judge that I had ever good law in front of. He was the commencement judge in Alabama to call me 'Mister' in a courtroom."^[21]

On the other manus, Wallace issued injunctions to prevent the removal of segregation signs in rail terminals, becoming the start Southern judge to practise so.^[22] Similarly, during efforts by ceremonious rights organizations to expand voter registration of blacks, Wallace blocked federal efforts to review Barbour County voting lists. He was cited for criminal antipathy of court in 1959.^[22]

As approximate, Wallace granted probation to some blacks, which may accept cost him the 1958 gubernatorial election.^[23]

Failed run for governor [edit]

In 1958, Wallace ran in the Democratic chief for governor. Since the 1901 constitution'southward effective disfranchisement of the state's blacks, and about poor whites as well, the Democratic Party had been virtually the simply political party in Alabama. For all intents and purposes, the Democratic main was the real contest at the state level. This was a political crossroads for Wallace. Land Representative George C. Hawkins of Gadsden ran, but Wallace's main opponent was state attorney full general John Malcolm Patterson, who ran with the support of the Ku Klux Klan, an organization Wallace had spoken against. Wallace was endorsed past the NAACP. Wallace lost the nomination by over 34,400 votes.^[21]

After the ballot, adjutant Seymore Trammell recalled Wallace proverb, "Seymore, you know why I lost that governor's race? ... I was outniggered by John Patterson. And I'll tell you lot hither and now, I will never be outniggered over again."^{[note 1]}

In the wake of his defeat, Wallace adopted a difficult-line segregationist stance and used this stand to court the white vote in the next gubernatorial election in 1962. When a supporter asked why he started using racist letters, Wallace replied, "You know, I tried to talk about practiced roads and good schools and all these things that have been function of my career, and nobody listened. And then I began talking about niggers, and they stomped the floor."^[24]

Governor of Alabama [edit]

Segregation [edit]

In the 1962 Democratic primary, Wallace finished commencement, alee of Land Senator Ryan DeGraffenried Sr., and taking 35 percent of the vote. In the runoff, Wallace won the nomination with 55 pct of the vote. As no Republican filed to run, this all merely assured Wallace of becoming the next governor. He won a burdensome victory in the November general election, taking 96 percent of the vote. As noted in a higher place, Democratic dominance had been achieved past disenfranchising nigh blacks and many poor whites in the state for decades, which lasted until years after federal civil rights legislation was passed in 1964 and 1965.^{[ how? ]}

Wallace took the oath of office on January xiv, 1963, continuing on the golden star marking the spot where, nearly 102 years earlier, Jefferson Davis was sworn in every bit conditional president of the Confederate States of America. In his inaugural speech, Wallace said:^{[24] [25]}

In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this globe, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the anxiety of tyranny, and I say segregation at present, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.

This sentence had been written by Wallace's new speechwriter, Ku Klux Klan leader Asa Earl Carter.

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy's administration ordered the U.S. Army's 2nd Infantry Sectionalisation from Fort Benning, Georgia to be prepared to enforce the racial integration of the Academy of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In a vain attempt to halt the enrollment of black students Vivian Malone and James Hood, Governor Wallace stood in front end of Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama on June eleven, 1963. This became known as the "Stand up in the School Door".^[26]

In September 1963, Wallace attempted to stop 4 black students from enrolling in 4 separate elementary schools in Huntsville. Later on intervention by a federal court in Birmingham, the four children were allowed to enter on September nine, becoming the first to integrate a chief or secondary school in Alabama.^{[27] [28]}

Wallace badly wanted to preserve segregation. In his own words: "The President [John F. Kennedy] wants us to give up this land to Martin Luther Rex and his group of pro-communists who have instituted these demonstrations."^[29]

Wallace predicted, during a Milwaukee, Wisconsin spoken communication on September 17, 1964, that the office-belongings supporters of a ceremonious rights bill would politically "bite the dust" past 1966 and 1968.^[30]

External video
"Interview with George Wallace" conducted in 1986 for the Optics on the Prize documentary in which he discusses integration of the University of Alabama, the Birmingham motility, and the Selma voting rights campaign.

The Encyclopædia Britannica characterized him not so much equally a segregationist but more as a "populist" who pandered to the white bulk of Alabama voters.^[2] It notes that his failed endeavor at presidential politics created lessons that later influenced the populist candidacies of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan.^[two] Jack Newfield wrote in 1971 that Wallace "recently has been sounding like William Jennings Bryan as he attacked full-bodied wealth in his speeches".^[3]

Economics and education [edit]

The master achievement of Wallace's first term was an innovation in Alabama industrial development that several other states afterwards copied: he was the first Southern governor to travel to corporate headquarters in northern states to offer tax abatements and other incentives to companies willing to locate plants in Alabama.

He also initiated a community college system that has now spread throughout the state,^[31] preparing many students to complete iv-year degrees at Auburn University, UAB, or the University of Alabama. Wallace Community College (Dothan), is named for his male parent. Wallace Community Higher Selma (Selma), and Wallace State Community College (Hanceville) are named for him. Lurleen B. Wallace Community College in Andalusia is named for Wallace's first married woman, Lurleen Burns Wallace.

The University of South Alabama, a new country academy in Mobile, was chartered in 1963 during Wallace'south beginning year in office as governor.

1964 Democratic presidential primaries [edit]

On November fifteen–20, 1963, in Dallas, Wallace announced his intention to oppose the incumbent president, John F. Kennedy, for the 1964 Democratic presidential nomination. Days later, also in Dallas, Kennedy was assassinated, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded him as president.

Building upon his notoriety after the Academy of Alabama controversy, Wallace entered the Democratic primaries in 1964 on the communication of a public relations skilful from Wisconsin.^[32] Wallace campaigned strongly by expressing his opposition to integration and a tough approach on criminal offence. In Democratic primaries in Wisconsin, Indiana, and Maryland, Wallace garnered at to the lowest degree a 3rd of the vote running confronting 3 Johnson-designated surrogates.^[33]

Wallace was known for stirring crowds with his oratory. The Huntsville Times interviewed Neb Jones, Wallace'southward beginning press secretary, who recounted "a particularly fiery speech in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1964 that scared even Wallace, [where he] angrily shouted to a crowd of i,000 people that 'little pinkos' were 'running around outside' protesting his visit, and continued, after thunderous applause, saying, 'When you and I start marching and demonstrating and carrying signs, we volition shut every highway in the land.' The audition leaped to its anxiety and headed for the exit", Jones said, "It shook Wallace. He quickly moved to calm them downwardly."^[23]

At graduation exercises in the spring of 1964 at Bob Jones University in Greenville, South Carolina, Wallace received an honorary doctorate.^[34] At the showtime, Bob Jones Jr., read the following commendation as a tribute to Wallace:^[35]

Men who have fought for truth and righteousness accept always been slandered, maligned, and misrepresented. The American press in its attacks upon Governor Wallace has demonstrated that it is no longer free, American, or honest. Merely you, Mr. Governor, have demonstrated not only by the overwhelming victories in the contempo elections in your own state of Alabama, just also in the showing which yous accept made in states long dominated by cheap demagogues and selfish radicals that there is all the same in America dear for freedom, difficult common sense, and at least some hope for the preservation of our ramble liberties.

1964 unpledged elector slate [edit]

In 1964, Alabama Republicans stood to do good from the unintended consequences of two developments: (1) Governor Wallace vacating the race for the Democratic presidential nomination against President Johnson, and (2) the designation of unpledged Democratic electors in Alabama, in event removing President Johnson from the general election ballot. Prior to the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco, Wallace and his aides Bill Jones and Seymore Trammell met in the Jefferson Davis Hotel in Montgomery with Alabama Republican leader James D. Martin, who had narrowly lost the U.Southward. Senate election in 1962 to J. Lister Hill. Wallace and his aides sought to decide if Barry M. Goldwater, the forthcoming Republican presidential nominee who every bit a senator from Arizona had voted confronting the Ceremonious Rights Act of 1964 on libertarian and constitutional grounds, would advocate repeal of the police, particularly the public accommodations and equal employment sections. Bill Jones indicated that Wallace agreed with Goldwater'south anti-communist stance but opposed the Republican'southward proposal to make Social Security a voluntary program. Jones stressed that Wallace had sacrificed his ain presidential aspirations that year to let a straight Republican claiming to President Johnson. It was later on disclosed that Wallace proposed at the meeting with Martin to switch parties if he could be named as Goldwater's running-mate, a designation later given to U.Due south. Representative William Due east. Miller of New York. Goldwater reportedly rejected the overture because he considered Wallace to be a racist. ^[36]

The unpledged electors in Alabama included the future U.S. senator, James Allen, and then the lieutenant governor, and the subsequent Governor Albert Brewer, and then the state Business firm Speaker. National Democrats balked over Johnson's exclusion from the ballot, merely near supported the unpledged slate, which competed directly with the Republican electors. Equally The Tuscaloosa News explained, loyalist electors would have offered a clearer choice to voters than did the unpledged slate.^[37]

The 1964 Republican electors were the get-go since Reconstruction to prevail in Alabama. The Goldwater-Miller slate received 479,085 votes (69.five percentage) to the unpledged electors' 209,848 (xxx.5 percent). The Republican tide also brought to victory five Republican members of the United States House of Representatives, including William Louis Dickinson, who held the Montgomery-based district seat until 1993, and James D. Martin, the Gadsden oil products dealer who defeated then State Senator George C. Hawkins for the U.South. House seat formerly held past Carl Elliott. Hardly nonetheless sworn into the U.S. House, Martin already had his eyes on Wallace's own position as governor.^[38]

Showtime Gentleman of Alabama [edit]

Term limits in the Alabama Constitution prevented Wallace from seeking a 2d term in 1966. Therefore, Wallace offered his wife, Lurleen Wallace, as a surrogate candidate for governor. In the Democratic principal, she defeated two former governors, Jim Folsom and John M. Patterson, Attorney General Richmond Flowers Sr., and former U.S. Representative Carl Elliott.^[39] Largely through the work of Wallace'due south supporters, the Alabama brake on gubernatorial succession was later on modified to allow ii consecutive terms.^[40]

Wallace dedicated his wife's proxy candidacy. He felt somewhat vindicated when Republicans in Idaho denied renomination in 1966 to Governor Robert E. Smylie, author of the article entitled "Why I Feel Sad for Lurleen Wallace". In his memoirs, Wallace recounts his married woman's ability to "charm crowds" and cast off invective: "I was immensely proud of her, and information technology didn't injure a chip to take a back seat to her in vote-getting ability." Wallace rebuffed critics^{[ who? ]} who claimed that he had "dragooned" his wife into the race. "She loved every minute of being governor the same way ... that Mrs. (Margaret) Smith loves existence senator."^[41]

During the 1966 campaign, George Wallace signed country legislation to nullify desegregation guidelines between Alabama cities and counties and the former United States Department of Wellness, Teaching, and Welfare. Wallace claimed that the law would thwart the national government from intervening in schools. Critics denounced Wallace's "political trickery" and expressed alarm at the potential forfeiture of federal funds. Republican gubernatorial candidate James D. Martin defendant the Democrats of "playing politics with your children" and "neglecting academic excellence".^[42]

Martin also opposed the desegregation guidelines and had sponsored a U.Due south. House amendment to forbid the placement of students and teachers on the ground of racial quotas. He predicted that Wallace's legislation would propel the issuance of a court order compelling firsthand and full desegregation in all public schools. He too compared the new Alabama constabulary to "another ii-and-a-half minute stand up in the schoolhouse door".^[43]

Lurleen Wallace defeated Martin in the general election on Nov 8, 1966. She was inaugurated in January 1967, but on May 7, 1968, she died in office of cancer at the age of 41, amid her husband'southward ongoing second presidential campaign.^[44] On her expiry, she was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Albert Brewer, who had run without Republican opposition among the Wallace–Martin race. George Wallace's influence in state regime thus subsided until his next bid for election in his own correct in 1970. He was "get-go admirer" for less than a year and a half.

1968 third-party presidential run [edit]

Planning for Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign began with a strategy session on the evening of the March 1967 inauguration of Lurleen Wallace. The coming together featured prominent white supremacists and anti-Semites, including: Asa Carter; William Simmons of the White Citizens' Council; Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark; onetime Mississippi Gov. Ross Barnett; Leander Perez, a fervent Louisiana segregationist and anti-Semite; Kent Courtney, a John Bircher; and "a representative sent past Willis Carto, head of the Liberty Antechamber and publisher of the anti-Semitic magazine American Mercury."^[45]

Orange states went to Wallace in the 1968 ballot.

Wallace ran for president in the 1968 election as the American Independent Party candidate, with Curtis LeMay as his candidate for vice president. Wallace hoped to force the House of Representatives to decide the election with 1 vote per state if he could obtain sufficient electoral votes to brand him a power broker. Wallace hoped that southern states could use their ascendancy to end federal efforts at desegregation. His platform independent generous increases for beneficiaries of Social Security and Medicare. Wallace's foreign policy positions gear up him apart from the other candidates in the field. "If the Vietnam War was not winnable within 90 days of his taking office, Wallace pledged an firsthand withdrawal of U.S. troops ... Wallace described foreign assistance as money 'poured down a rat hole' and demanded that European and Asian allies pay more for their defense force."^[46]

Richard Nixon feared that Wallace might split the conservative vote and permit the Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, to prevail. Some Democrats feared Wallace's appeal to organized bluish-collar workers would damage Humphrey in northern states such as Ohio, New Bailiwick of jersey, and Michigan. Wallace ran a "police and society" campaign similar to Nixon's, further worrying Republicans.^[47]

In Wallace'southward 1998 obituary, The Huntsville Times political editor John Anderson summarized the impact from the 1968 campaign: "His startling entreatment to millions of alienated white voters was not lost on Richard Nixon and other Republican strategists. First Nixon, and so Ronald Reagan, and finally George Herbert Walker Bush successfully adopted toned-down versions of Wallace's anti-busing, anti-federal regime platform to pry low- and heart-income whites from the Democratic New Deal coalition."^[23] Dan Carter, a professor of history at Emory Academy in Atlanta, added: "George Wallace laid the foundation for the dominance of the Republican Party in American society through the manipulation of racial and social issues in the 1960s and 1970s. He was the master instructor, and Richard Nixon and the Republican leadership that followed were his students."^[48]

Wallace considered Happy Chandler, the quondam baseball game commissioner, ii-term former governor of Kentucky and old Senator from Kentucky, as his running mate in his 1968 campaign as a third-political party candidate; as one of Wallace's aides put information technology, "We accept all the nuts in the state; we could get some decent people–-y'all working i side of the street and he working the other side." Wallace invited Chandler, but when the press published the prospect, Wallace'due south supporters objected: Chandler had supported the hiring of Jackie Robinson by the Brooklyn Dodgers.

Wallace retracted the invitation, and (afterward considering Kentucky Fried Chicken founder Colonel Harland Sanders)^[46] chose former Air Force General Curtis LeMay of California. LeMay was considered instrumental in the establishment in 1947 of the United States Air Strength and an expert in military affairs. His four-star military rank, experience at Strategic Air Command and presence advising President Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis were considered foreign-policy assets to the Wallace entrada. By 1968, LeMay had retired and was serving as chairman of the board of an electronics company, but the company threatened to dismiss him if he took a go out of absence to run for vice president. To keep LeMay on the ticket, Wallace backer and Texas oil tycoon H. L. Hunt set up a million-dollar fund to reimburse LeMay for whatsoever income lost in the entrada.^[4] Entrada aides tried to persuade LeMay to avoid questions relating to nuclear weapons, only when asked if he thought their use was necessary to win the Vietnam War, he kickoff said that America could win in Vietnam without them. However, he alarmed the audience by further commenting, "nosotros [Americans] accept a phobia about nuclear weapons. I call back in that location may exist times when it would be most efficient to apply nuclear weapons." The "politically tone-deaf" LeMay became a drag on Wallace'due south candidacy for the remainder of the campaign.^[49]

In 1968, Wallace pledged that "If some anarchist lies downwards in front of my automobile, information technology will be the last automobile he will ever prevarication down in front end of" and asserted that the only iv letter words which hippies did non know were "w-o-r-thou" and "southward-o-a-p." Responding to criticism of the former annotate, Wallace later elaborated that he meant such a protester would exist punished under the law, not run over. This blazon of rhetoric became famous. He accused Humphrey and Nixon of wanting to radically desegregate the South. Wallace said, "There's not a dime's worth of divergence between the Republicans and Democrats", a entrada slogan that he had first perfected when Lurleen Wallace defeated James D. Martin.

Major media outlets observed the support Wallace received from extremist groups such as White Citizens' Councils. It has been noted that members of such groups had permeated the Wallace campaign by 1968 and, while Wallace did non openly seek their support, nor did he refuse it.^[l] Indeed, at to the lowest degree i case has been documented of the pro-Nazi^[51] and white supremacist^[52] Liberty Foyer distributing a pro-Wallace pamphlet entitled "Stand up for America" despite the entrada's denial of such a connection.^[53] Unlike Strom Thurmond in 1948, Wallace generally avoided race-related discussions. He mostly criticized hippies and "pointy-headed intellectuals". He denied he was racist, proverb once, "I've never made a racist voice communication in my life."^[47]

While Wallace carried five Southern states, won most ten million pop votes and 46 electoral votes, Nixon received 301 balloter votes, more than than required to win the election. Wallace remains the last not-Democratic, non-Republican candidate to win whatever pledged balloter votes. Wallace also received the vote of i North Carolina elector who had been pledged to Nixon.

Many found Wallace an entertaining campaigner. To "hippies" who called him a fascist, he replied, "I was killing fascists when you punks were in diapers." Some other notable quip: "They're building a bridge over the Potomac for all the white liberals fleeing to Virginia."

Wallace decried the United States Supreme Courtroom'south binding stance in Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, which ordered immediate desegregation of Southern schools – he said the new Burger courtroom was "no better than the Warren court" and chosen the justices "limousine hypocrites".^[54]

Second term as governor [edit]

In 1970, Wallace sought the Democratic nomination against incumbent Governor Albert Brewer, who was the kickoff gubernatorial candidate since Reconstruction to seek African-American voter back up.^[55] Although in the 1966 gubernatorial ballot then land Attorney Full general Richmond Flowers championed civil rights for all and with the back up of most of Alabama Blackness voters finished second in the Democratic primary. Brewer unveiled a progressive platform and worked to build an alliance between blacks and the white working class. Of Wallace'due south out-of-state trips, Brewer said, "Alabama needs a full-time governor!"^[56]

In the master, Brewer received the most votes but failed to win a majority, which triggered a runoff election.^[57]

In what later U.S. President Jimmy Carter called "one of the most racist campaigns in mod southern political history",^[57] Wallace aired television advertising with slogans such as "Do y'all want the black bloc electing your governor?" and circulated an ad showing a white girl surrounded by seven blackness boys, with the slogan "Wake Up Alabama! Blacks vow to accept over Alabama."^[58] Wallace slurred Brewer, whom he called "Sissy Britches",^[59] and his family.^[60] In the runoff, Wallace narrowly won the Democratic nomination^[60] and won the full general ballot in a landslide.

Though Wallace had promised not to run for president a 3rd time,^{[56] [57]} the mean solar day after the election, he flew to Wisconsin to campaign for the upcoming 1972 United states of america presidential election.^[56] Wallace, whose presidential ambitions would take been destroyed by a defeat for governor, has been said to have run "ane of the nastiest campaigns in state history", using racist rhetoric while proposing few new ideas.^[55]

1972 Democratic presidential primaries and assassination endeavour [edit]

Green states went to George Wallace in the 1972 Democratic primaries.

On Jan 13, 1972, Wallace declared himself a Autonomous candidate. The field included Senator George McGovern, 1968 nominee and former U.S. vice president Hubert Humphrey, and nine other Democratic opponents, including John Five. Lindsay, the liberal mayor of New York Metropolis, who had switched from Republican affiliation to enter the Autonomous presidential primaries.

Wallace appear that he no longer supported segregation and had always been a "moderate" on racial matters.^[21] This position was an echo of Nixon, who in 1969 had instituted the first affirmative action program, the Philadelphia Plan that established goals and timetables. However, Wallace (similarly to Nixon)^[61] expressed connected opposition to desegregation busing.^[62] For the side by side iv months, Wallace'due south entrada proceeded well. In Florida'southward master, Wallace carried every county to win 42 percentage of the vote.

On May 15, 1972, he was shot v times by Arthur Bremer while campaigning at the Laurel Shopping Center in Laurel, Maryland, at a time when he was receiving high ratings in national opinion polls.^[63] Bremer was seen at a Wallace rally in Wheaton, Maryland, before that 24-hour interval and two days earlier at a rally in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Wallace was striking in the abdomen and chest, and i of the bullets lodged in Wallace's spinal cavalcade, leaving him paralyzed from the waist down for the rest of his life. A five-hour performance was needed that evening, and Wallace had to receive several units of claret in society to survive. Three others who were wounded in the shooting also survived. The shooting and Wallace's subsequent injuries put an constructive end to his bid for the Democratic Presidential nomination.^[64] The bump-off endeavor was defenseless on motion-picture show.^[65]

Bremer's diary, An Assassin'southward Diary, published after his arrest, shows he was motivated in the bump-off attempt by a desire for fame, not past political ideology. He had considered President Nixon an before target. He was convicted at trial. On Baronial 4, 1972, Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison, later reduced to 53 years. Bremer served 35 years and was released on parole on Nov 9, 2007.

CBS News correspondent David Dick won an Emmy Award for his coverage of the attempt on Wallace's life.^[66]

Post-obit the bump-off attempt, Wallace was visited at the hospital by Democratic Congresswoman and presidential primary rival Shirley Chisholm,^[67] a representative from Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. At the fourth dimension, she was the nation's only African-American female person member of Congress. Despite their ideological differences and the opposition of Chisholm's constituents, Chisholm felt visiting Wallace was the humane affair to exercise. Other people to visit Wallace in hospital were President Nixon, Vice President Spiro Agnew, and presidential master rivals Hubert Humphrey, George McGovern, and Ted Kennedy. He also received telegrams from quondam President Lyndon Johnson, California governor Ronald Reagan and Pope Paul Half-dozen.

After the shooting, Wallace won primaries in Maryland and Michigan, merely his near bump-off effectively concluded his campaign. From his wheelchair, Wallace spoke on July 11, 1972, at the Autonomous National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida.

Since Wallace was out of Alabama for more than 20 days while he was recovering in Holy Cross Hospital in Argent Spring, Maryland, the state constitution required Lieutenant Governor Jere Beasley to serve every bit acting governor from June 5 until Wallace'south render to Alabama on July vii. Wallace resumed his gubernatorial duties and easily won the 1974 main and full general ballot, when he defeated Republican State Senator Elvin McCary, a real estate developer from Anniston, who received less than fifteen percent of the ballots bandage.^[68]

In 1992, when asked to comment on the 20th anniversary of his attempted assassination, Wallace replied, "I've had 20 years of hurting."^[69]

1976 Democratic presidential primaries [edit]

States in green went to Wallace in the 1976 Democratic primaries.

In November 1975, Wallace appear his 4th bid for the presidency, once more participating in the Democratic presidential primaries. Wallace'southward campaign was plagued by voter concern about his health^[lxx] as well every bit the media utilise of images that portrayed him equally most helpless.^{[ citation needed ]} His supporters complained that such coverage was motivated by bias, citing the discretion used in coverage of Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralysis, before television became commercially available. In the southern primaries and caucuses, Wallace carried simply Mississippi, South Carolina and his home land of Alabama. If the pop vote in all primaries and caucuses were combined, Wallace would take placed third behind one-time Georgia governor Jimmy Carter and California governor Jerry Chocolate-brown. After the primaries were completed, and he had lost several Southern primaries to Carter, Wallace left the race in June 1976. He somewhen endorsed Carter, who defeated Republican incumbent Gerald Ford. Wallace later said that he had facilitated a beau southerner's nomination.^{[ citation needed ]} No position advocated by Wallace was included in the 1976 Democratic platform.^{[ citation needed ]}

Concluding term as governor [edit]

In the late 1970s, Wallace announced that he was a built-in-again Christian and apologized to black ceremonious rights leaders for his by actions as a segregationist. He said that while he had one time sought power and glory, he realized he needed to seek honey and forgiveness.^{[annotation 2]} In 1979, Wallace said of his stand in the schoolhouse door: "I was wrong. Those days are over, and they ought to exist over."^[71] He publicly asked for forgiveness from black Americans.^{[71] [72]}

In the 1982 Alabama gubernatorial Autonomous primary, Wallace'due south main opponents were Lieutenant Governor George McMillan and Alabama House Speaker Joe McCorquodale. In the primary, McCorquodale was eliminated, and the vote went to a runoff, with Wallace holding a slight edge over McMillan. Wallace won the Democratic nomination past a margin of 51 to 49 percentage. In the general ballot, his opponent was Montgomery Republican Mayor Emory Folmar. Polling experts at get-go thought the 1982 election was the best risk since Reconstruction for a Republican to exist elected as governor of Alabama.^{[ citation needed ]} Ultimately, though, it was Wallace, non Folmar, who claimed victory.

During Wallace'south concluding term equally governor (1983–1987) he appointed a tape number of Black Americans to land positions,^[73] including, for the first time, two as members in the same cabinet.

On April 2, 1986, Wallace announced at a press briefing in Montgomery that he would not run for a 5th term as Governor of Alabama, and would retire from public life subsequently leaving the governor's mansion in January 1987.^[74] Wallace achieved four gubernatorial terms across iii decades, totaling 16 years in role.

Marriages and children [edit]

Wallace married Lurleen Brigham Burns on May 22, 1943.^{[17] [75] [76]} The couple had 4 children together: Bobbi Jo (1944) Parsons, Peggy Sue (1950) Kennedy, George III, known equally George Inferior (1951), and Janie Lee (1961) Dye, who was named after Robert E. Lee. Lurleen Wallace was the kickoff woman to be elected governor of Alabama, which she did as a stand up-in for her married man, who was barred from serving some other term. In 1961, in keeping with the practice of many at the time to shield patients from discussion of cancer, which was profoundly feared, Wallace had withheld information from her that a uterine biopsy had institute possibly precancerous cells.^[77] Later Lurleen's death in 1968, the couple's younger children, aged xviii, 16, and 6, were sent to alive with family members and friends for care (their eldest daughter had already married and left home).^[44]

Their son, normally chosen George Wallace Jr., is a Democrat-turned-Republican formerly active in Alabama politics. He was twice elected state treasurer as a Democrat, and twice elected to the Alabama Public Service Commission. He lost a race in 2006 for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor. In 2010, Wallace Jr. failed by a broad margin to win the Republican nod to regain his former position as land treasurer.^{[ commendation needed ]}

On January 4, 1971, Wallace midweek the former Cornelia Ellis Snively (1939–2009), a niece of one-time Alabama governor Jim Folsom, known as "Big Jim". "C'nelia" had been a performer and was nicknamed "the Jackie Kennedy of the rednecks." The couple had a biting divorce in 1978. A few months afterward that divorce, Cornelia told Parade magazine, "I don't believe George needs a family. He just needs an audience. The family unit as audition wasn't plenty for his ego."^[23] Snively died at the age of 69 on January 8, 2009.^[78]

On September 9, 1981, Wallace married Lisa Taylor, a country music singer; they divorced in 1987.^[79]

Peggy was twelve years old when her father ran successfully for governor. She has shared that she was not treated nicely out in public due to her father'southward segregationist views. Some people would not shake her hand because of her last name. She would become to schoolhouse wanting to befriend the black students, only she causeless they would not like her because of what her father had done. ^[lxxx]

Final years and decease [edit]

In a 1995 interview, Wallace said that he planned to vote for Republican Bob Dole in the 1996 presidential election, commenting, "He'south a good man. His wife is a built-in-again Christian woman and I believe he is, as well." He likewise revealed that he had voted for George H. W. Bush, another Republican, in 1992. His son, George Wallace Jr., officially switched from Democrat to Republican that same twelvemonth. Wallace himself declined to identify as either a Republican or a Democrat. But he added, "The state is slowly going Republican because of Clinton being and then liberal."^[81]

In his later years, Wallace suffered from deafness and Parkinson's disease.^[81]

At a restaurant a few blocks from the Land Capitol, Wallace became something of a fixture. In constant pain, he was surrounded by an entourage of old friends and visiting well-wishers and connected this ritual until a few weeks before his death. Wallace died of septic stupor from a bacterial infection in Jackson Hospital in Montgomery on September 13, 1998. He suffered from respiratory bug in addition to complications from his gunshot spinal injury. His grave is located at Greenwood Cemetery, in Montgomery.

Legacy and honors [edit]

External video
Booknotes interview with Stephen Lesher on George Wallace: American Populist, February 27, 1994, C-Bridge
Washington Journal interview with Dan T. Carter on the influence of George Wallace, June 23, 2001, C-Bridge

With four failed runs for president, Wallace was unsuccessful in national politics.^{[82] [83]} Nonetheless, his affect on American politics was enormous and earned him the appellation "the near influential loser" in 20th century American politics, according to biographers Dan T. Carter^[84] and Stephan Lesher.^[85] The George Wallace Tunnel on Interstate 10 is named in his award.

Wallace was the subject field of a documentary, George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Burn down (2000), shown by PBS on The American Experience.^{[21] [86]} Information technology was funded in function by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Over 50 songs have been released about or making reference to George Wallace.^[87] The TNT cable network produced a moving-picture show, George Wallace (1997), directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Gary Sinise. Sinise received an Emmy Honor for his performance during a anniversary held the mean solar day Wallace died. In the 2014 film Selma, which was ready during the Ceremonious Rights Movement, which and then-Governor Wallace publicly opposed, Wallace was portrayed by actor Tim Roth.

Three community colleges in Alabama are named for Wallace: Wallace Community Higher, Wallace Customs College Selma, and Wallace State Community College. Lurleen B. Wallace Community College is named for his wife. In 2020, amidst a change in public opinion, many Alabama universities were pushed to rename campus buildings that were originally named afterwards Wallace. This included, just was not limited to, the University of Montevallo and Auburn University.^[88] The University of Montevallo has been unsuccessful in renaming the George C. Wallace Speech and Hearing Centre because the building was named via Act 110 past the Alabama Legislature in 1975.^[89]

See also [edit]

• Electoral history of George Wallace
• Southern Democrats

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ Lieutenant Governor Jere Beasley served as acting governor from June 5, 1972, to July seven, 1972, while Wallace recovered from an assassination endeavor.

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Carter (1996, p. 2) notes that Wallace subsequently denied a like quotation that appeared in a 1968 biography by Marshall Frady: "'Well boys,' he said tightly every bit he snuffed out his cigar, 'no other son-of-a-bitch will ever out-nigger me again.'" Riechers, Maggie (March–Apr 2000). "Racism to Redemption: The Path of George Wallace". Humanities. 21 (ii). Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2006. The exact wording is a affair of historical dispute. Some sources quote Wallace as using the give-and-take "outsegged". In an extended notation in "The Politics of Rage" (1995), p. 96 & 96fn, Carter notes the denial, just says two witnesses ostend the use of the racist linguistic communication on Election Nighttime, in addition to Seymore Trammell'southward recollection of Wallace using similar phrasing the next 24-hour interval in his presence.
2. ^ Co-ordinate to Carter (1995, pp. 236–37), "Merely no one who knew Wallace well ever took seriously his hostage profession – uttered a thousand times later 1963 – that he [had been] a segregationist, not a racist. ... Wallace, like most white southerners of his generation, [had] genuinely believed blacks to exist a separate, junior race."

References [edit]

1. ^ Cornwell, Rupert (September xv, 1998). "Obituary: George Wallace". The Independent . Retrieved August 23, 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b c} "George C. Wallace". Encyclopædia Britannica. August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
3. ^ ^{a b} Newfield, Jack (July nineteen, 1971). "A Populist Manifesto: The Making of a New Bulk". New York. pp. 39–46. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
4. ^ ^{a b} Lesher, Stephan (1994). George Wallace: American Populist . Addison Wesley. p. 409. ISBN978-0201622102.
5. ^ ^{a b} Eskew, Glenn T. (September 8, 2008). "George C. Wallace (1963–1967, 1971–1979, 1983–1987)". Encyclopedia of Alabama.
6. ^ ^{a b} "George Wallace, Segregation Symbol, Dies at 79". New York Times. September 14, 1998.
7. ^ Ostermeier, Eric (May 29, 2017). "The Pinnacle 50 Longest Serving Governors in Us History (Updated)". Smart Politics. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved April two, 2021.
8. ^ Carter (1995), p. 21.
9. ^ Carter (1995), p. 41.
10. ^ Carter (1995), p. 137.
11. ^ Carter (1995), pp. 30–31.
12. ^ "Alabama Governor George Wallace, gubernatorial history". Archives.state.al.us. Retrieved January eight, 2011.
13. ^ Bass, Jack. Taming the Storm: The Life and Times of Frank One thousand. Jonson Jr., and the South's Fight over Civil Rights (Doubleday, New York, 1993).
14. ^ "A life marked past hate, violence George Wallace gave comfort to racists". Baltimore Dominicus. September 20, 1998.
15. ^ Frederick, Jeff (2007). Stand up for Alabama: Governor George Wallace. p. thirteen. ISBN978-0817315740.
16. ^ Lesher (1994) pp. 47–61.
17. ^ ^{a b} Frederick, Stand Upwards for Alabama: Governor George Wallace, 2007, p. 12.
18. ^ Carter, Dan T. (1995). The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 236. ISBN0684809168. OCLC 32739924.
19. ^ Carter, Dan T. (1995). The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 237. ISBN0684809168. OCLC 32739924.
20. ^ Carter, Dan T. (1995). The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 237–238. ISBN0684809168. OCLC 32739924.
21. ^ ^{a b c d e} Mccabe, Daniel (writer, director, producer), Paul Stekler (author, managing director, producer), Steve Fayer (author) (2000). George Wallace: Settin' the Forest on Fire (Documentary). Boston, USA: American Feel.
22. ^ ^{a b} Anderson, John (September xiv, 1998). "Former governor shaped politics of Alabama, nation". The Huntsville Times. Huntsville, Alabama. p. A8. referencing Frady, Marshall (1968). Wallace . New York: Earth Pub. Co. ISBN978-0679771289. OCLC 588644.
23. ^ ^{a b c d} Anderson, John (September 14, 1998). "Former governor shaped politics of Alabama, nation". The Huntsville Times. Huntsville, Alabama. p. A8.
24. ^ ^{a b} "George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire: Wallace Quotes". The American Experience. Public Broadcasting Service. 2000. Retrieved September 5, 2006.
25. ^ Klarman, Michael J. (March–April 2004). "Dark-brown five. Board: 50 Years Later on". Humanities: The Mag of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
26. ^ Eastward. Culpepper Clark (1995). The Schoolhouse Door: Segregation's Final Stand up at the University of Alabama. Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN978-0195096583.
27. ^ Webb, Debbie. "Wallace in the Schoolhouse Door: Marking the 40th Anniversary of Alabama's Civil Rights Standoff". NPR.org . Retrieved August 17, 2012.
28. ^ A brief history of race and schools Archived April 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The Huntsville Times
29. ^ Alabama Governor George Wallace, public statement of May 8, 1963 in The New York Times. (May ix, 1963).
30. ^ "Restore U.South. Sanity: Wallace". Chicago Tribune. September 18, 1964.
31. ^ Katsinas, Stephen G. (1994). "George C. Wallace and the Founding of Alabama's Public Ii-Year Colleges". The Journal of Higher Education. 65 (4): 447–472. doi:10.2307/2943855. JSTOR 2943855.
32. ^ Carter (1995), p. 205.
33. ^ Carter (1995), pp. 198–225.
34. ^ Archie Vernon Huff, Greenville: the history of the city and county in the South Carolina Piedmont, Columbia: U Southward Carolina P, 1995, p. 404.
35. ^ Sword of the Lord (June 26, 1964) 2.
36. ^ Montgomery Advertiser, September 23, 1966; Neb Jones, The Wallace Story, pp. 324, 327, 340.
37. ^ The Tuscaloosa News, reprinted in The Birmingham News, September 5, 1964.
38. ^ Congressional Quarterly report, Book 23, Issues 40–53, p. 2443.
39. ^ Billy Hathorn, "A Dozen Years in the Political Wilderness: The Alabama Republican Political party, 1966–1978", Gulf Coast Historical Review, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Leap 1994), p. 22.
40. ^ "Alabama Constitution of 1901, Amendment 282, Section 116". Alabama Country Legislature. Retrieved December xxx, 2016.
41. ^ "A Dozen Years in the Political Wilderness", p. 22.
42. ^ The Huntsville Times, September 3, 4, 1966; Montgomery Advertiser, September 1, six, 1966.
43. ^ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, October 7, 1966, p. 2350.
44. ^ ^{a b} Carter (1995), pp. 310–312, 317–320.
45. ^ Carter, Dan T. (1995). The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 295–298. ISBN0684809168. OCLC 32739924.
46. ^ ^{a b} Kauffman, Pecker (May 19, 2008) When the Left Was Right, The American Bourgeois
47. ^ ^{a b} Brands 2010, p. 165.
48. ^ Carter, Dan, professor of history at Emory University, quoted in Anderson, John (September 14, 1998). "Old governor shaped politics of Alabama, nation". The Huntsville Times. Huntsville, Alabama. p. A1, A8.
49. ^ LeMay and Chandler in Perlstein, Rick (2008). Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America. Simon and Schuster. p. 348. ISBN978-0743243025.
50. ^ Diamond, Sara (1995). Roads to Dominion: Correct-Fly Movements and Political Power in the Us. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 142–146. ISBN978-0898628647.
51. ^ Trento, Joseph and Spear, Joseph, "How Nazi Nut Power Has Invaded Capitol Hill", True (November 1969): 39.
52. ^ Pearson & Anderson, "The Washington Merry-go-circular", [url="Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July xviii, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2010. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as championship (link)], 1966.
53. ^ Carter (1995), pp. 296–297.
54. ^ Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (1979). The Brethren. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671241109. p. 56.
55. ^ ^{a b} William, Warren; et al. (1994). Alabama: The History of a Deep South Country. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 576. ISBN978-0585263670.
56. ^ ^{a b c} "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved Oct 25, 2006. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Flowers, Steve, "Steve Flowers Inside the Statehouse", October 12, 2005.
57. ^ ^{a b c} Carter, Dan T. (1996). From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963–1994. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 46–48. ISBN978-0195076806.
58. ^ Swint, Di Kerwin C. (2006). Mudslingers: The Top 25 Negative Political Campaigns of All Time Inaugural from No. 25 to No. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 228. ISBN978-0275985103.
59. ^ "Season Openers - Printout". Time. May 4, 1970. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
60. ^ ^{a b} Rogers, 576.
61. ^ Parmet, pp. 595–597, 603. sfn error: no target: CITEREFParmet (help)
62. ^ Carter (1996), pp. 17–32.
63. ^ Greider, William (May xvi, 1972). "Wallace Is Shot, Legs Paralyzed; Suspect Seized at Laurel Rally". Washington Post . Retrieved August twenty, 2013.
64. ^ Times, Walter Rugaber Special to The New York (May 17, 1972). "Wallace Off the Critical List; Sweeps Master in Michigan and Wins Handily in Maryland". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
65. ^ "1972 George Wallace Assassination Attempt". YouTube . Retrieved November 25, 2021.
66. ^ "Cheryl Truman, "David Dick, erstwhile CBS newsman from Ky., dies at age 80: CBS veteran embraced rural life", July 17, 2010". Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
67. ^ "Shirley Chisholm". The Blog of Death. Jan 4, 2005. Archived from the original on Jan 3, 2011. Retrieved Jan 8, 2011.
68. ^ "Elvin McCary". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
69. ^ Wallace, George (September 14, 1998). "Wallace in his own words". The Huntsville Times. Huntsville, Alabama. p. A9.
70. ^ "Wallace enters race". Google News Search Archive. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Cavalier Daily. November 13, 1975. p. 1. Retrieved Dec 12, 2017.
71. ^ ^{a b} Edwards, George C., Government in America: people, politics, and policy(2009), Pearson Teaching, 80.
72. ^ Elliott, Debbie (September 14, 1998). "Remembering George Wallace". National Public Radio. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
73. ^ Foner, Eric; John Arthur Garraty; Social club of American Historians (1991). The Reader's Companion to American History . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 1127. ISBN978-0395513729.
74. ^ Daniel, Clifton (1999). 20th Century, Twenty-four hours by Day . New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 1279. ISBN978-0789446404.
75. ^ Lesher, Stephan (1994). George Wallace: American Populist. p. 49. ISBN978-0201407983.
76. ^ "City Has Been Home of Four Governors". The Tuscaloosa News. April 24, 1969. p. 14E.
77. ^ Carter (1995), pp. 277–278.
78. ^ Former Alabama commencement lady Cornelia Wallace dies ^{[ permanent dead link ]} , WZTV FOX17/Nashville
79. ^ Stephan Lesher (1995). George Wallace: American Populist. Da Capo Press. pp. 498–99. ISBN978-0201407983.
80. ^ Blake, John (2007). Children of the movement. Hoopla digital. [U.s.]: Chicago Review Press. ISBN978-ane-56976-594-4. OCLC 1098920753.
81. ^ ^{a b} "Wallace backs Bob Dole for president". The Gadsden Times. September sixteen, 1995. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
82. ^ "Victorious Loser", Newsweek, May xiii, 1964, p. 13.
83. ^ Irving Louis Horowitz (1984). Winners and Losers: Social and Political Polarities in America . Duke Academy Press. p. 164.
84. ^ Carter, Dan T. (1995). The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics . New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 468. ISBN978-0807125977.
85. ^ Lesher, Stephan (1994). George Wallace: American Populist . Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. p. xi. ISBN978-0201622102.
86. ^ "George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Burn down (web site)". The American Feel. Public Dissemination Service. 1999. Retrieved May 25, 2006. Web site for the PBS documentary, including a complete transcript, references to other Wallace information, and tools for teachers.
87. ^ Brummer, Justin. "Governor George C. Wallace Songs". RYM . Retrieved August 9, 2019.
88. ^ Nail, Tim. "Petition calls for University to rename Wallace Hall". The Auburn Plainsman . Retrieved October 13, 2020.
89. ^ Balasky, Bri (September 30, 2020). "Board of Trustees votes to rename Bibb Graves and Comer". The Alabamian . Retrieved October thirteen, 2020.

Bibliography [edit]

• Brands, H.W. (2010). American Dreams: The United States Since 1945 . New York: Penguin Press. ISBN978-1594202629.

Further reading [edit]

• Peggy Wallace Kennedy (2019). The Broken Road: George Wallace and a Daughter's Journey to Reconciliation. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1635573657.
• Frady, Marshall. Wallace. In series, Meridian Books. New York: World Publishing Co., 1970, cop. 1968.^{[ ISBN missing ]}

External links [edit]

• Governor Wallace's Schoolhouse Door spoken communication archived at The University of Alabama
• George Wallace article at the Encyclopedia of Alabama
• George Wallace – Daily Telegraph obituary
• Oral History Interview with George Wallace from Oral Histories of the American South
• Caught on Tape: The White House Reaction to the Shooting of Alabama Governor and Autonomous Presidential Candidate George Wallace from History's News Network: http://hnn.us/articles/45104.html
• George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Burn down PBS American Experience documentary, including complete transcript, teacher tools and links
• 1963 gubernatorial inauguration address
• Cornelia Wallace's Obituary on Decatur Daily
• Political Graveyard
• Appearances on C-Bridge
  • "George Wallace, Presidential Contender" from C-SPAN'southward The Contenders
• Speech by George Wallace given on March sixteen, 1970. Audio recording from The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues
• Footage of entrada spoken communication given by George Wallace on May i, 1964 at Ball State Teachers College in Muncie, Indiana
• Alabama Needs "The Little Estimate" – 1960/1961 Pro-Segregation Comic Book deputed directly by George Wallace during his entrada for Governor of Alabama.
• George Wallace at IMDb
• "George Wallace nerveless news and commentary". The New York Times.
• Meeting Elvis Presley with his family backstage before Elvis' concert at the Garrett Coliseum in Montgomery, AL on March six, 1974. http://world wide web.elvis-collectors.com/aboveboard-central/wallace74.html
• Testimony from Hosea Williams, John Lewis, and Amelia Boynton et al. 5. Honorable George C. Wallace, Governor of Alabama et al. ^{[ permanent dead link ]} from the National Athenaeum and Records Assistants

Party political offices
Preceded by John Patterson	Autonomous nominee for Governor of Alabama 1962	Succeeded by Lurleen Wallace
New political party	American Contained nominee for President of the U.s.a. 1968	Succeeded by John 1000. Schmitz
Preceded past Lurleen Wallace	Democratic nominee for Governor of Alabama 1970, 1974	Succeeded by Fob James
Preceded by Fob James	Democratic nominee for Governor of Alabama 1982	Succeeded by Bill Baxley
Political offices
Preceded by John Patterson	Governor of Alabama 1963–1967	Succeeded by Lurleen Wallace
Preceded by Albert Brewer	Governor of Alabama 1971–1979	Succeeded past Fob James
Preceded by Flim-flam James	Governor of Alabama 1983–1987	Succeeded by H. Guy Chase
Honorary titles
Preceded by Lurleen Wallace as Beginning Lady of Alabama	First Admirer of Alabama 1967–1968	Succeeded by Martha Farmer Brewer as Kickoff Lady of Alabama

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace

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